The Korea Question essays

The Korea Question articles What is national character? This inquiry may appear to be to easy to try and trouble replying. The simple answer is that national history is the occasions in a countries past that, when assembled, bring together all parts of life in that country. From this unpleasant definition it would bode well that the entirety of the countries on the planet have a national personality. Nonetheless, this inquiry isn't as highly contrasting as it might appear. A few people accept that a country whose history is just occupation by different nations ought not be viewed as an autonomous country. This can be seen very well on account of Korea, which ahs had a history loaded up with Chinese, Japanese, and western impact. Notwithstanding, however Korea has solid connections to these imperialistic forces; it despite everything shows angles that are particularly Korean. Korea has a history that incorporates predominance, acquiescence, and reappearance. The individuals of the Korean landmass have had an exceptionally bright history. Through the time of the Later Bronze Age the Korean landmass experienced critical political turn of events. Maybe the most significant of these advancements was the formation of the walled-town states. The six walled-town conditions of the Korean landmass are found in Chinese records. The most exceptional of these states was Chao-hsien. The early pioneers of Chao-hsien called themselves tangun wanguom to imply both their drop from the awesome maker and their monarchial status . The pioneers of Choa-hsien before long understood that so as to keep up control over the promontory they would need to get together with other walled-town states to avert intruders. By the fourth century BCE the confederated realm was made and filled in as an all-inclusive political unit of significant military force . Soon after the confederated realm was made it was tested by the incredible Yen group, a ground-breaking contender from northern China. The Yen individuals attested that Chao-hsien was arro... <!

Benefits of Training Employees in an Organization

Advantages of Training Employees in an Organization The point of this paper is to distinguish everything to think about preparing, the effect it has on the two firms and representatives and afterward, the motivation behind why, despite the fact that it is helpful arrangement to business development, still a few associations and people are not ready to acknowledge putting resources into preparing and improvement. So as to go to that guarantee, it is important to make reference to first the cost-adequacy of preparing and improvement, by which strategies it tends to be reinsured, and the contribution of preparing in an associations flourishing and considerably more, when it has to do with the reconciliation in a global market. To start appropriately, it ought to be seen that preparation at any level and in whatever structure this can take, could have just positive angle. Taking into account that, preparation implies putting resources into individuals to empower them perform better and to enable them to utilize their normal capacities (Armstrong, 1996; 2003). Through the act of a scope of exercises, it is accepted that learning is a significant intimation here, as a methods for building up a superior culture and accomplishing businesss upper hand (Pieper, 1990, Salaman, 1992, Tyson, 1996). This show up obviously from the beneath meanings of preparing. As indicated by Heevy and Noon (2001), preparing is the way toward changing the abilities, mentalities, and information on representatives to improve their degree of skill. It is an arranged procedure, typically including a progression of stages where gradual enhancements can be recognized. It takes two fundamental center 1) hands on preparing whereby a representative watching the undertakings, being guided through them by specialists, and afterward rehearsing them. 2) Off the activity preparing whereby a representative is told away from the work environment, either in a preparation room on the premises or at a different area. This preparation is all the more frequently hypothesis based and may even appear as self learning bundles (Heevy and Noon, 2001). Moreover, as Manpower Services Commission characterized preparing in 1981, it is the accompanying: An arranged procedure to alter mentality, information or aptitude conduct through learning experience to accomplish viable execution i n a movement or scope of exercises. Its motivation, in the work circumstance, is to build up the capacities of the individual and to fulfill the present and future labor needs of the association. Seeing the meaning of the preparation from the viewpoint of instruction as Smith put it: Development alludes to the development of acknowledgment of a people capacity, through cognizant or oblivious training, where instruction is exercises which target building up the information, abilities, virtues and understanding required in all parts of life, as opposed to an information and aptitude identifying with just a constrained field of action (Smith, 1992). Other than the meaning of preparing, the notice of the potential advantages for the two representatives and firms and from which techniques these are inferred, is basic so as to comprehend why preparing is so significant for the business (Lonr, 1990, Murray, 2007). It is advantageous to point that it can't be any advancement without the preparation system. As it has just been referenced, preparing plans to create representatives capabilities and to improve their presentation yet additionally, to decrease the learning time required for workers beginning in a new position on arrangement, move or advancement and to guarantee that they will turn out to be completely capable as fast and monetarily as could be expected under the circumstances (J. Swart et al, 2005). At the point when a preparation program being utilized viably, at that point the advantages for representatives are various and are shown on firms execution. It likewise assists with overseeing changes and give to representativ es the information and aptitudes they have to alter with new circumstances and work requests, just as to embrace new advances and techniques, to be imaginative (Armstrong, 2003). In that manner, representatives inspiration is expanded and the equivalent goes to efficiencies in forms bringing about firms monetary profit while workers turnover is being decreased. Profoundly prepared workforce gives more significant levels of administration to clients which upgrade companys picture (Mullins, 2007). The cost-viability of preparing is a crucial component since it can help the line supervisor to set up validity, to uncover the estimation of the preparation by accomplishing both operational reserve funds and increments in firms income; at that point, uphold the association to look preparing more as a venture and less as a nonessential expense of activity. Via preparing their workers, organizations amplify the capability of this venture (Campbell, 1995). So as to improve the aptitudes of its human asset, an association can either prepare its current workers or enlist pre-talented work powers that have been prepared somewhere else (Booth, 1998; Jameson, 2000). The significance of interest in preparing and advancement is matter of whether a firm is regarding its representatives as an asset or as an expense (Tysson, 1996; Long, 1990; Jackson, 1989; Jameson, 2000). By abusing the importance of each word that comprises Human Resource Management; human suggests the workforce, asset infers venture, the executives infers improvement (Sisson, 1989). It is exhibited that the thought of human resource as venture for the firm through key advancement can expand its latent capacity, and the preparation is the apparatus that can give it. Thus, organizations with reluctance to think about representatives as speculation, can essentially be called not HRM rehearsing. In antagonistic, organizations hesitant to put resources into their HR, depend on a momentary human resource, which, principally, is low gifted preparing, less dedication to its work and simple replaceable because of the lower cost of misfortune for the firm (Harzing, 1995; Jameson, 2000; Mull ins, 2007). Most chiefs perceive the crucial job that consistent learning plays in todays commercial center so as to boost companys upper hand (Harzing, 1995; Gordon, 1991). Be that as it may, a few administrators are hesitant to put resources into their workers and train them. The reasons why is occurring are variable. The market from its own, wherein each organization is working together, deduct any potential preparing (Booth, 1994; Graven, 1998). Increasingly explicit, the market is partitioned to the essential work showcase, where occupations will in general be provided by enormous, profoundly beneficial firms with high cash-flow to work proportion and high efficiency. Here, creation is generally enormous scope with high interest in innovation with more open doors for preparing. The auxiliary work advertise incorporates little firms with low money to work proportion, low efficiency and little scope creation. In these organizations, compensation and aptitude levels will in general be low, work is unsteady and preparing openings are normally restricted. Fundamentally, private companies experience issues in giving preparing to both proprietor directors and laborers. (Curran et al., 1996) Purposes behind not giving such preparing are that organizations don't have faith in the adequacy of preparing and they don't think about it as a major segment for a superior presentation. Subsequently, when benefits are feeling the squeeze or different advancements are on stake, the most widely recognized response is to cut preparing store. Additionally, enrolling talented work is more prudent than working on preparing and improvement approaches. In any case, they disregard that cooperation, representatives activities, individuals gifts are all piece of the money related model and when these figures are amplified the equivalent goes with the business financial development (Bentley, 1991; Campell, 1995) Traditional styles of the executives dependent on tyrant, non-participatory precepts of workers and administrators who have experienced childhood in a framework like this, is probably not going to be prepared to desert natural attempted and confided in strategies and be invited to a s uperior prepared, independent and addressing human power (Sisson, 1989). Some of them guarantee that there is restricted time for the act of preparing program. Without a doubt, a preparation program to be powerful needs a ton of the two businesses and workers time and duty, it likewise may take all representatives work life to be effective. Occupation conditions change continually in the business condition, so the persistent learning is required however no one has the state or the enthusiastic solidarity to be in a preparation position constantly. In that point, there are two classifications that can be recognized (Armstrong, 2003; Murray, 2007; Currie, 1997). Bosses that don't put stock in the significance of the procedure and workers that don't see enthusiasm as prepared, explicitly on the off chance that they have gotten a high picture in the firm and they are known for their unmistakable capabilities. In opposition to that, a few workers need to build up their abilities and information whereby they will add to their companys achievement (Keep, 1989). They need preparing however their administrators would prefer not to be defied by this assignment, they are reluctance to attempt, and basically they maintain a strategic distance from it. From the point of view of the length of a preparation program, which could take weeks, months or even the whole profession of the workers it tends to be a significant cost particularly for firms with customarily high turnover. Moreover, the basic conviction that is the obligation of the educational system to prepare individuals to be laborers and is the laborers duty to figure out how to carry out a responsibility so they can get recruited is another motivation behind why managers not practice their labor (Collin, 2003). Government guidelines, protection inclusions, and good judgment direct important preparing that ought to be given to each representative. In any case, scarcely any businesses don't think that its huge to prepare their human power (Collin, 2003; Noon, 2001). A demoralization of not preparing is, likewise, the hole that emerges when students are moved from the instructional class to an occupation, to apply their insight and aptitudes by and by. For whatever length of time that they are in an instructional hub, they are shielded from the real factors of the crude work environment. For directors and group pioneers, the difficult o

Markets and the Economy

Markets and the Economy Markets and the Economy Home›Economics Posts›Markets and the Economy Economics PostsExplain how an increased federal budget deficit resulting from a recession can actually help stabilize an economyThere is a relations between the economy and budget deficits.   After a recession, an economy of a nation goes down, and at this time workers risk losing their jobs, the interest rates goes up making the people to shy away from lending from banks, therefore, investment and savings by the people goes down (Minsky, 2008).   This means that the federal government receives less money paid through taxes, and at the same time, it spends more money.   The inflow of money becomes slower than the outflow, thus the government is forced to go into deficits.   All this leads to more deterioration of the economy because the production of such an economy goes down.   It is at this time that the federal government chooses to increase more of its budget deficits in order to help its people through the se tough times.   This would only help the economy if the budget deficits assist the growth of the economy (Minsky, 2008).   To improve the growth of the economy the increased deficits are injected in the productive sectors; these sectors include the agricultural and industrial sectors.   This sectors leads to the growth of the economy, whereby more goods and services are produced and more employment opportunities created.   When more of the goods and services are produced and employment level increases the GDP of the country, also, there is an increase in the taxes collected by the government.   The increased budget deficits can also be used to influence the interest rates by reducing them, which increases the number of people interested in borrowing and investing (Minsky, 2008).   The increased saving and investments increases the goods and services produced by the country, hence, leading to a growth of the economy.   Therefore, it is the role of the government to make sure that t he allocated funds are efficiently utilized.Describe how adjustments in wages and prices take the economy from the short-run equilibrium to the long-run equilibrium.To describe this lets take an example, where there is an increase in demand because of an in wealth of the consumers.   The consumers and producers make decision considering certain assumptions on the price level.   Assuming that the consumers and producers believe that the level of the remains at the same level, and the buyers buy more of the product than before because of their increased wealth; the short run equilibrium results in an increased level of price (OSullivan, 2010).   In the short run, the costs of the resources used in the production of the product would not keep up with the high-level price of the product.   The producer continues to produce more and sells; this increases the demand for the resources used in the production of the product.   In the long run, the owners of the resources together with the wo rkers realizes the increase in price level of goods and services and change their decision on the price to charge the producer on the resources, they chose to negotiate for high prices for their resources in order to cope with the inflation.   This might take time because of the delays in realizing the new levels of price, and labor contracts expire.   New adjustments are then made and the long-term equilibrium is attained; whereby, the producer produces the as before even though the levels of price are higher.   In this case, the economy would remain sustainable and at full employment level and everything goes back to its original level (OSullivan, 2010).Explain why a system of marketable pollution permits leads to less costly pollution abatement and a higher concentration of polluted areas than a command-and-control system.Marketable permits system is a pollution control system, where the authority responsible determines the target level of environmental quality, which is defined by allowable level of emissions.   The level of environmental quality is then translated to a number of allowable emissions, which are discharged then allot the rights of discharge to firms in form of permits (Kosmo, 1989).   The permits are later distributed to firms with each permit carrying a specific dischargeable amount of pollution.   The demand of these permits is derived using the discharger’s treatment marginal costs; this implies that the discharger treats the waste if the marginal cost of treatment is equal or less than the cost of buying a permit (Foster, 1989).   These permits are transferable for monetary compensations.   The marketable permits are considered cost effective; this is because the cost savings are greater if the discharger has several discharges.   The discharger utilizes the economies of scale because the standards are not strict for the dischargers to remove 100% of their waste from the environment by treating it.   The system is also cost effective i n terms of time; the polluters have increased incentives, which they use to invest in emission-reducing technologies at the time of regional growth (Kosmo, 1989).   In addition, when considering developing countries, where there is initial environmental quality standards that are fairly modest, opportunities for cost savings through trades are substantial.Marketable permits also have a potential of higher concentration of polluted areas than a command-and-control system.   This is because when the dischargers take advantage of the economies of scale and there is no strict measures on them to remove or treat 100 of their waste, the dischargers discharge the wastes without caring about the long term effects of the accumulation of the wastes (Kosmo, 1989).   In areas with such a system and quite a number of dischargers suffers accumulations of pollutants that are considered less and in the long-run becomes more harmful to the environment.   This system also has issues with defining the exact amount of emissions that is right as well as making adjustments on the value of the right considering when and where it is used.   If these rights are not well defined and especially when defined in a way that it permits more pollution of the environment, it leads to concentration of discharge in certain areas (Foster, 1989).GDP has been proven to be the most successful measure of the economic activity of a country. However, GDP is widely acknowledged as an indicator, which does not account for the well-being of the families, individuals and communities (Eisler, 2007).   Additionally, the GDP does not include the economic activities that are outside the market such as taking care of the people in household; without care giving no work force would be available.There are various factors, which suggest the well-being of a nation.   These include poverty, which gives the percentage of people in a nation living under the poverty level.   the rates of poverty of families as well as children   are the common indicators, also the poverty rates of women especially in families of single women and elderly women and the poverty rates among the minorities are not included in the GDP (Dewan, 2008).   When it comes to health indicators, all the health indicators are included except the access to contraception as well as abortion. There is also the issue of nutrition, which is not broken down on the basis of gender; women are the most affected by malnutrition.   Education also gives an indication of a well-being of a nation; however, the different demographic groups are no independently compared to acknowledge the level of education in each group.Employment is frequently used as an indicator of economic growth; this is usually measured through underemployment and unemployment rates as well as labor force participation.   However, the existing measures of these rates underestimate the rates.   In this case, the unpaid work is completely overlooked.   When income and wea lth is measured, the measure are done only on income groups.   There is always a measure of inequality between males and females; however, the measure does not include the lifetime earning disparities given to women, when they drop out to care for the elderly and children (Eisler, 2007).   The GDP also miss the social welfare mechanisms such as unemployment, pensions and disability benefits.   The category of shelter as an indicator in the GDP measurement include rental costs and homeownership rate, but the rental costs as well as ownership rates incurred by women, especially those who are single heads of household are not indicated separately (Dewan, 2008).   There is also the lack of an indication of the condition and size of informal rents such as slums; this is a great disadvantage because more than half the people in the world live in urban areas and majority of those in urban live in informal settlements (Eisler, 2007).When it comes to the environmental issues, the environment is assessed using indicators such as effects on human health, environmental quality, and the status of ecosystems and natural resources.   In this category, the GDP fails to include the readiness and capacity to respond to environmental disaster (Michaelson et al, 2009).   There is another category of political participation, which includes legal and social rights, voting rights, and a fraction of the population willing and is permitted to participate in political activities.   The GDP focus more on the women participation and leaves out the participation of immigrants, minorities and the disabled.   This people have to be included because of their lack of political voice.Following the above limitation, GDP is not a sure way of measuring the well-being of a nation.   This dimension has to be explored more; special attention should be given to the unpaid labor, particularly the care work (Dewan, 2008).   This is in terms of childcare.   In the United States, the child care workers a re paid and the estimates amounts to 1.7 million individuals, and those who are not paid are at least 2.4 million and when added to the unpaid parental care it adds up to approximately 17 million workers (Michaelson et al, 2009).   The care work, which is both unpaid and paid, is a human capacity development that requires acknowledgement and measurement.This investment is critical for economic effectiveness and well-being of a nation.   This is particularly in the postindustrial era.   These investment include a number of components, which range from investment in education for care giving such as child care education as well as pay for professions, which entail care giving in elementary and child care teaching (Eisler, 2007).   The women status in human infrastructure is another investment.   This is because women are the primary caregivers worldwide and studies shows that during the first years of life capacity development is critical and the status of women should be integrated i n most categories.The situation of next generation also requires assessment.   Reports shows that there is a relationship between the status of women and the welfare of children, and since children are the future drivers of the society and economies much should be dedicated to children (Michaelson et al, 2009).   This implies that a measure of welfare of women and children should be included in GDP measurement.   A nation with an improved child mortality rate shows a raise in economic growth.When assessing the national economic productivity and well-being, the well being and lives of the minorities should be included.   This includes the ethnic populations, religious groups, gay, and bisexuals among others.   Their well-being should be considered and measured, then compared to the welfare of the other dominant groups.   This shows how the nation cares for the minorities well being (Michaelson et al, 2009).In most of the categories used in measuring the nation’s well being, the dim ensions are considered individually or independently.   These categories should be considered in relation to each other because each contributes to the measure of the well-being.   If these limitations are considered there would be a more clear picture of the condition of a nation.

Essay on Urban Geography Chile - 1940 Words

Chilean Landscape Chile is located along the southwestern coast of South America and has the Andes Mountains on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other. The landscape in Chile offers diversity from deserts, forests, rivers, glaciers and valleys. Chile has three different climate zones and they experience a variety of seasons to support their primary sector of agriculture and produce variety of fruits including grapes to manufacture wine. (Chile facts and, 2007) Population Density: Urban or Rural? Urbanization trends started occurring in Chile in 1930. Migration from the rural areas and the Andes Mountains transplanted Chileans to the urban center of Santiago. â€Å"Ocean transportation and shipping were vital to the†¦show more content†¦The middle to lower class Chilean’s migrated as they had the jobs and resources to migrate to the urban areas. The segregation of the wealthy mine workers and the middle class impact patterns of urbanization. The wealthy have urbanized from the center of Santiago to the leading outward like â€Å"a road or spine lined with businesses and wealthy suburbs which are in Vitacura and Providencia.† (Residential patterns and, ¬) Vitacura and Providencia are communes on the north-east and north side respectively of Santiago that has the wealthiest individuals and is full of private schools and fashion trends including architecture. (Digital globe, 2010) Population Density in Cities and Agglomerations Currently land is distributed in â€Å"agglomerations of twenty-thousand people in a given land area versus the two-thousand per land area in the 1930’s.† (â€Å"Chile-urban areas,†) Agglomerations are a great indication of Chile being an urbanized country. According to the â€Å"1982 census there are 51 cities and towns that represent agglomerations in Chile that represent 66% of the population.† (â€Å"Chile-urban areas,†) The â€Å"main agglomerations in Chile includeShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Weather Patterns And Extremes1241 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the winter with hot, dry summers. The geography of the valley seems to play a large role in its climate type. El Bosque, Chile has geography that is very similar to Sacramento, California. Just like Sacramento, El Bosque is a city that is centrally located in a bowl-shaped valley and has mountain chains located to the east and west of it. Additionally, both cities are separated from the Pacific Ocean by a western mountain chain (The Geography of Chile). 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The movie The Color Purple - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1085 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Color Purple Essay Did you like this example? The movie The Color Purple is about a young ugly uneducated girl name Celie who gives birth to a boy and a girl, both of which are by her father Alphonso. The children are taken from her to avoid Celies mother finding out about their affair. Eventually Celies mother dies, and her father continues to rape and abuse her. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The movie The Color Purple" essay for you Create order With so much despair she turns to her sister Nettie for genuine love and happiness. These two girls are inseparable. An older gentleman known as Mister has his eye on Nettie and asks Alphonso to wed her. Alphonso replies, I cant let you have Nettie. She too young. But l tell you what. I can let you have CeIie. She oldest and shouId marry first. She aint fresh, but I expect you know that. Shes spoiled, twice. Celie is ugly but she works hard, and she can Iearn. And God fixed her. You can do what you like. She wont make you feed or clothe it. But Nettie, you flat out cant have. Not now, not never. (Spielberg, 1985) Alphonso offers Celie instead because he wants to keep Nettie all to himself. Mister reluctantly accepts due to his chaotic household after the recent death of his wife. Celie is separated from her sister and starts a new life as a mother and wife to Mister. She is constantly abused mentally, emotionally, physically, and sexually. One day Nettie shows up and asks to live with Celie and Mister to get away from their incestual father. Mister agrees she can stay in hopes to eventually be intimate with her. Celie finally finds joy in life again after reuniting with her sister and they are once again inseparable. Nettie starts school and teaches Celie how to read. Eventually Mister makes a move on Nettie, but when she fights him off, he harshly kicks her off his property. Celie is devastated and as the months and years pass by without hearing from Nettie, Celie eventually thinks her sister has died. Shug, a sultry blues singer comes into town. Mister has had an infatuation with the woman for a long time. He allows her to walk in and out of his life freely. Shug and Celie develop a close relationship with one another. She feels bad for Celie when she finds out that she is being abused by Mister when she is not around, so she moves in. She comes across letters from Nettie that Mister has hidden from Celie for many years. This infuriates Celie and she even contemplates killing him. The letters from Nettie mention her moving to Africa and working with a man and woman doing missionary work. S he later finds out that their children are in fact Celies children and their father is not their biological father. Celie eventually stands up to Mister giving her the confidence to leave him and move away with Shug. When her stepfather Alphonso dies, Celie moves back home and inherits his property. Nettie moves back to America with her new family and the sisters reunite after many years. Celie and Mister for once are cordial with one another. This shows great strength and growth of Celie, being able to forgive a man who has done so many horrible things to her. Cultural Aspects The movie starts in the early 1900s in Georgia when racism was prevalent. There were also cultural norms in which men were superior to women. Celie had to be a submissive housewife to Mister. Her existence revolved around her husband and his children. Marrying girls at a young age was acceptable during this time, when now it would be considered illegal. According to Bickley Szilagyi (2017), Culture is the system of shared ideas, rules, and meanings that influence how the world is viewed, emotional connection to each experience, and how behavior is impacted based on relations to other people. It can be understood as the lens through which we perceive and make sense out of the world we inhabit. (pg. 84) Cultural norms vary based on many factors and conditions such as location, circumstance, race, and sex. Cultural Model The Transcultural Assessment Model, developed by Giger and Davidhizar applies to the cultural aspects that are in the movie The Color Purple. Communication, social orientation, and environmental control all impact how African Americans and women were treated during the 1900s. Giger Davidhizar discuss the importance of communication in relation to culture. It is the link that connects the world through interaction and behavior (2002). Most African Americans during this time, did not know how to read because they lacked a formal education. This created communication barriers, bridging a large gap between whites and blacks. Because women were inferior to men and whites, their voices went unheard. Poor communication skills were common amongst blacks. Race, gender, family role and function are things that apply to Celies cultural back ground. As a black woman she had little to no rights and her role in the family was to take care of the children, keep the house clean, and do whatever her husband demanded without any say. In most industrialized countries, women were property of their husbands and/or fathers. After many years of inequality, women now have the same political and economic rights as men. (Fernandez, 2014) During this time women like Celie had little control over her environment due to the cultural norms during this period. Her environment constrained her to a life of misery while it enabled and contributed to the poor behavior of Mister in how he treated and disrespected women. If there were consequences for domestic violence as there is today, women would not have endured such abuse. Bickley (2017) says culture is ever-changing and always being revised within the dynamic context of its enactment (pg. 83). After many years, Celie and Mister were finally able to communicate effectively, develop mutual respect and appreciate the roles they played in each others lives. Christina Gray References Bickley, L. S., Szilagyi, P. G. (2017). Bates guide to physical examination and history taking (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. Fern?- ndez, R. (2014). Womens rights and development. Journal of Economic Growth, 19(1), 37â€Å"80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-013-9097-x Giger, J. N., Davidhizar, R. (2002). The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 185. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.delhi.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edbAN=6943153site=eds-live Spielberg, S. (Producer), Spielberg, S. (Director). (1985). The Color Purple [Motion Picture]. United States: Amblin Entertainment.

Kola Nuts Free Essays

Kola-Nut: The Symbol of Hospitality (title) †¢It is a bitter brown seed containing caffeine †¢In the past, has been added to drinks to diminish hunger and fatigue †¢The offering of a Kola-Nut is very important in the igbo culture and is only offered to very important guests †¢This offering of the Kola-Nut has three steps that must be followed. The first step is the presentation of the kola-nuts. The next is the breaking of the kola-nut and the third is the distribution of the kola-nuts †¢Presentation of the kola-nut can only be done by privileged men †¢Kola-nut is passed around until it finally comes back to the guest †¢Elder will then hold up kola-nut and say a prayer †¢Then kola-nuts are eaten Onyemaechi, Uzoma. We will write a custom essay sample on Kola Nuts or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Igbo Culture and Socialization. † Igbo Culture. University of Michigan, 26 May 2012. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. kwenu. com/igbo/igbowebpages/Igbo. dir/Culture/culture_and_socialization. tml. Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Kola Nut. † Igbo Culture and Igbo Language. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. igboguide. org/HT-chapter8. htm. â€Å"Kola Nut. † Energy. N. p. , 16 July 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. tumblr. com/tagged/kola-nut. Igbo Foods * The Yam is a staple food for Igbo people and civilization * Yam was always abundant, helpful during lean times * The Iwaji or New Yam festival each year celebrates importance of vegetable in Igbo culture. Prayers offered up and thanks given to the gods and spirits of traditional folklore. * Yam made in many ways * Can be pealed and boiled or pulped into a doughy consistency to produce pounded yam * Also ate a lot of pumpkins and gari (cassava powder) dumplings * Regular Meals * Typically soup with meat or fish * Sided with yams, garri (tapioca), semovita, or jollof rice Hafner, Dorinda. A Taste of Africa . Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1993. Imoisi, Janice. Cooking Nigerian Style: Delicious African Recipes . Houston, TX: Gayle Publishing. , 2000. Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Food and Recipes. † Igbo Food and Recipes. Michael Widjaja, 2000. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. igboguide. org/HT-chapter3. htm. Agwu, Kene. â€Å"Yam and the Igbos. † BBC News. BBC, 8 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www. bbc. co. uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/01/yam_and_the_igbos_feature. shtml. â€Å"ANAM CITY Blog. † Yam Preservation A «. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://anamcity. wordpress. com/tag/yam-preservation/. How to cite Kola Nuts, Essay examples

How does Dickens use language to explore this idea of fog all over London Essay Example For Students

How does Dickens use language to explore this idea of fog all over London Essay In â€Å"Bleak House†, Dickens uses language to create an atmosphere of fog all over London. He uses different techniques to do this, one of which is a variation of sentence length and another is his punctuation. He also uses repetition and personification. Firstly the lengths of the sentences are short or long. At the beginning he uses a sentence, but not a grammatically correct one: â€Å"Fog everywhere†. Sentences must contain a verb and this one does not. However it still makes sense because it is a statement for the rest of the paragraph. Also this sentence only contains two words which make it really short. After this sentence comes a really long, five clause complex sentence. The sentence length here has a huge difference in comparison to the first. Dickens wrote it like this purposely so it gives the effect of the fog appearing suddenly, for him then to do the opposite and make the moment slow, long and reflective. This creates a miserable atmosphere which is here to stay. Dickens uses punctuation to create a depressing atmosphere through the use of semi colons and commas. Sentence three is short as it has two phrases which are separated by a comma. In contrast the following sentence is long and it is split by a semi colon. The first part is about the large ships, the second is concentrating on smaller boats. Incidentally He also uses repetition of the word â€Å"fog† with intent. His intention here is not to remind the readers that there is fog but to add the effect of fog. Repetition here reinforces the message and adds conviction to it. This leaves the readers more interested as they know there is fog but don’t know the reasons for it or what will happen because of it. The use of personification here makes the fog seem alive: â€Å"flows†, â€Å"rolls†, â€Å"Fog â€Å"Creeping†. These are all verbs making the â€Å"fog† seem alive by allowing it to make human movements. This creates a sense of movement, and it also suggests that the fog has a life of its own. It feels like it is an enemy from which there is no escape. The fog seems ominous. Personification is used here to convey a depressing mood and this makes the text more interesting to read. In conclusion Dickens uses different methods to describe the idea of â€Å"fog everywhere†. This includes short then a long complex sentence, repetition and personification. He does this because of his creative writing abilities of using different techniques at the right time and in a variation.

Risk Aversion

societies of athens and sparta essays

societies of athens and sparta essays Athens and Sparta, both important cities in ancient Greece, were very different and unique in their own way. While Athens focused more on farming and their status in society, Sparta was a military city, teaching every boy from a young age to become a soldier. Everybody has different opinions about which is better, but I believe Sparta would have been the city for me. It has many qualities that the city of Athens lacks, and also is fairer, especially to women. Athens first started out as a city-state ruled by a basileus, or king (Columbia encyclopedia). Unlike Sparta, Athens was not taken over by a neighbor city. This was because Athens was a very agriculturally rich city, which also had a harbor so trading was always an option. As the council of nobles, also called Areopagus from the name of the hill they met on, became more wealthy, the power of the basileus slowly faded. In eighth century BC, the nobles became unbelievable wealthy, mostly by growing cash crops which included wine and olive oil. They both require great wealth to get started (Cohen 49). Slowly, the nobles of the Areopagus took over and stripped the king of power until the Athenian government was only run by a few. The Areopagus, consisting of a number of members, elected nine archons, or rulers to run the state. The archons always had to verify everything with the Areopagus, and after their term were required to become members (MacDowell). This was unfair, because ult imately, that means the Areopagus ruled the country. The Spartans, however had a different idea of ruling. It all started in eighth century BC, when Sparta was a monarchy with limited government. In 725, the population was growing and they desperately needed land. To solve this problem, the Spartans marched over the Taygetus mountains and invaded all of Messenia. The Messenians had plenty of fertile land and the Spartans were satisfied. However, the Messenians were an ...

Evaluating Organizational Behavior Research Paper

Evaluating Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that through observing from both internal and external perspectives, individuals understand why people tend to behave in a particular manner within a team environment. PepsiCo. Inc is a multinational corporation from the United States (USA) that deals with food and beverage with its headquarters at New York in the USA. The company engages in manufacturing, marketing as well as a distribution of beverages, grain-based snack foods, as well as other products. The multinational engages in business operations throughout the continent. A focus on the company’s human resource policies proves essential to understanding its organization behavior. With distribution channels and manufacturing units all around the globe, the company realized the reason for successful operation is achieved through enhancing effective human resource policies. The code of conduct and Human Rights Work Policy of the company outlines guiding measures that ensure an embodied companyâ€⠄¢s policy that enhances in dealing fairly and honestly with the company’ s associates regarding wages and benefits as well as other employment conditions. The company provides equal opportunities for associates without tolerance for discrimination and thereby ensuring compliance with all applicable regulations, laws as well as other employment standards. Consequently, the company maintains a â€Å"Speak Up† policy line operational for twenty-four hours and an internet portal to enhance reporting of any alleged or suspected human rights abuses. The company respects workers dignity in the workplace as well as ensuring the associate's rights to personal security, clean, safe, as well as the healthful workplace. The company also provides associates freedom from harassment and abuse of al manners. Fair treatment and honesty are consequently applied in relation to workers wages, benefits and all conditions of employment. The associates’ right to freedom of associatio n also remains a significant point of consideration within the company.

US Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Steel - Essay Example The US steel industry justification for its request for protection is loss of jobs of many workers in the steel industry, as far as the workers unions are concerned, due to closure of business or folding up of some steel producers, due to lower import prices of steel products than those locally produced. As to whether the justification is legitimate should be gauged by a declaration of a body authorized by law to make determination. As far as the Bush administration is concerned, it may have believed that the justification was legitimate when it decided to self initiate Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 201 is the law for the protection of domestic industry in addition to the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. Said law operates not on proof of unfair trade practices but by ITC determinations that the volume of a particular import constituted a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to a domestic industry. The president can impose a temporary import relief without violating the rules of the World Trade Organization and after initiating, in a give industry, the case will go straight to the ITC, which rules on the case and, if positive, will make recommendation to the President, who then has 60 days to come up with a remedy. The remedy could be no action at al l, a tariff, a quota, a tariff-rate quota or some form of trade adjustment assistance. The legitimacy as believed by the President is questioned by domestic steel consumers and free trade advocates, who claims that the tariffs were blatantly protectionist, and could damage US steel-using industries more than they would help producers, and were adopted for purely political reasons, such a gaining support prior to the November midterm elections, and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential election [FN3]. Gerald O’ Dricoll, director of the Heritage Foundations’ Center for International Trade and Economic commented on the Bush administration self-initiating Section

Density and Salinity of Seawater †Comparison of Methods

Density and Salinity of Seawater – Comparison of Methods Sergian Murtanu, Lab partner: Sammy Chaaban Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to compare the salinity of seawater from different methods. The average salinity in seawater is around 35 parts per thousand. 3 The BOD bottles were used to find the density of seawater, the equation to state was then applied, using density to determine the salinity. The salinity of seawater from the BOD method was 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with a relative standard deviation of 0.2618 percent. Using the same equation of state, the salinity was determined from the readings recorded by the density meter. The density meter produced salinity values of 34.75 ppt  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The conductivity probe measured the ability of the solution to pass current. The Unesco equation is used to convert the measured conductivity of seawater to salinity, which was calculated to be 42.71 ppt  ± 0.04359 with a RSD% of 0.1021. The refractometer measured the extent of which is bent, giving the refractive index. The average salinity through refra ctive index was 36.14 ppm  ± 2.56, with an RSD% of 0.1884. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the salinity of seawater through two different methods: BOD bottles (volume) and density meter. Salinity, temperature, and density are related to each other through the equation of state. Physical properties of seawater are related through ‘state functions’. Salinity is defined as a measure of the total dissolved salts in a solution. As density increases, the amount of salt in seawater is expected to increase as well. Thus, density and salinity have a positive relationship with each other. As temperature increases, the area between each water molecule increases, which lowers the density.5 Density has an inverse relationship with temperature. An increase in the salts dissolved in seawater also causes the physical properties of: refractive index, electrical conductivity, transmission of sound, and surface tension to increase. On the contrary, increased salinity in seawater will cause the physical property of: freezing point, compressibility, solubility, and specific heat to decrease instead. Using the methods of electrical conductivity, BOD bottles, density meter, and refractometer, the salinity of seawater will be calculated and compared for the most accurate results. 3 Experimental: Apparatus: BOD Bottles Conductivity probe Density meter Refractometer Analytical balances Procedure: The density of seawater through the BOD method was discovered by finding the volume of both DI water and seawater. The BOD bottle is weighed dry, and filled with DI water. The temperature of each BOD bottle with DI is taken, and gives a corresponding density value through a chart. Using the equation: Volume=Mass/Density, the volume of DI water can be calculated. This process is repeated with seawater, with density of seawater being the weight of seawater divided by the mean volume of DI water. The density meter method uses a magnet to measure the period oscillation within the U-shaped tube. Seawater is put in the U-shaped tube. This gives the period of oscillation, T, which is then used in the equation: Ï =AT2 + B , to give the density of seawater(A, B are calibration coefficients). The equation of state given in the spreadsheet, Millero Density Spreadsheet is then used to calculate the salinity at the given density and temperature. 4 The conductivity probe is used to compare the trend between salinity and density. A conductivity probe is first calibrated, then put in a beaker of DI water, standard solution, and seawater. The reading is measured, with the probe cleaned between every new trial. Conductivity is the ability for a solution to pass current, so it is expected that salinity and density have a positive relationship. Using the formula given in the Unesco Equation Spreadsheet, the conductivity ratio is used to calculate the salinity. 1 The refractometer is a tool that measures the extent in which light is bent. Drop a sample of seawater to the measuring prism and use the hand wheel to adjust the sight. The illuminating prism should be put at the halfway point of the sample, this then gives the refractive index. Using given slope and intercept â€Å"Salinity vs. Refractive Index and Salinity vs. Specific Gravity Curves, the salinity and specific gravity is then calculated. 2 Results: Table 1 – Seawater salinity in BOD Bottle Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 21.5 33.35 2 21.6 33.47 3 21.7 33.30 Mean Salinity 33.37 Standard Deviation 0.08737 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.2618 Table 2 – Salinity of seawater by density meter Data obtained by Jessica Oregon Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 20 33.53 2 20 35.95 3 20 33.53 4 20 35.97 Mean Salinity 34.75 Standard Deviation 1.403 Relative Standard Deviation % 4.038 Table 3 – Salinity of seawater by refractive index Trial Seawater Salinity 1 1.3400 38.37 2 1.3391 33.34 3 1.3397 36.69 Mean Salinity 36.14 Standard Deviation 2.560 Relative Standard Deviation % 7.083 Table 4 – Salinity of seawater by conductivity probe (22.6 C) Trial Seawater (mS/cm) Standard (mS/cm) Salinity 1 49.6 49.4 42.76 2 49.6 49.5 42.68 3 49.7 49.6 42.68 4 49.6 49.4 42.76 5 49.7 49.6 42.68 Mean 49.6 49.5 42.71 Standard Deviation 0.0548 0.100 0.0436 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.110 0.202 0.102 Discussion: The results seem to imply that the salinity in seawater varies depending on the method, as some methods have a lesser chance of error than others. Using the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt as a comparison, most of the results seem to fall between the ranges of 33 to 37. However, the most notable difference is the salinity of seawater by conductivity probe. The conductivity probe method produced a mean salinity of 42.71 ppt  ± 0.0436, with a relative standard deviation of 0.102 percent. The results for the conductivity probe were quite far in comparison to the other method. However, the conductivity method had an RSD% of 0.1021. This indicated that the results while somewhat inaccurate, were very precise. This inaccuracy may have been caused due to systematic errors in our instrument. The conductivity probe might have been calibrated incorrectly, or in the wrong solution. If the calibration was just slightly off, it is possible that this difference might have contributed to the inaccurate salinity results. The solutions measured on the probe might have gotten contaminated without prior knowledge, or it might have simply been a human error in calculations. The result with the highest relative standard deviation was the salinity of seawater by refractive index with 7.083 %. This indicates that there was a lot of variation in salinity for each trial. The salinity ranges from 33.34 to 38.37 ppt. The mean salinity of seawater by refractive index was 36.14 ppt  ± 2.560, which is close to the average seawater salinity of 35. These slightly imprecise results may be due to random and systematic errors. The use of the eyepiece when trying to go to the halfway point might change due to different perception between people. Likewise, reading the refractometer varies between each individual and might change with angle due to parallax. This can really change the data measured and can result in imprecise data. There can also be human errors done during the conversion between refractive index and salinity. The BOD bottle method has a salinity of 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with an RSD% of 0.2618. The very low relative standard deviation indicates that there isn’t much spread within the data. When compared to the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt, it falls a little bit short. This was because there are a lot of possible errors for this method due to the long process of balancing and rebalancing. Possible systematic errors might have occurred on the analytical balances, such as calibration. Random errors, such as the fluctuation of weight in our seawater sample might also have impacted the accuracy. This method was also very time consuming, so it was not the most efficient way of determining the salinity. But, based on the results, it was the most dependable with good accuracy and great precision. The most accurate method when compared to the average value of seawater salinity is the density meter. The density meter has a salinity of 34.75  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The RSD% of 4.038 indicated that there was some variation in the data. However, when compared to the average seawater salinity, this was the closest by far. This method was the most efficient overall because it allowed the opportunity to obtain the density, and salinity value the quickest. However, it’s not perfect because the instrument can calibrated or used incorrectly. While the most precise method goes to the BOD method, the most accurate would go to the density meter. The density meter is also quick and efficient, which make it an excellent tool to calculate the value for salinity. In comparison, the BOD method took far too long and was not nearly as efficient as the density meter method. If there was one thing that should be changed in a repeat of this experiment, it would be giving an extended time for the density meter method. There was not enough time in the assigned lab period, so data from a peer was borrowed and used. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Sam and George for helping us with calculations. I would also like to thank fellow peer, Jessica Oregon for the data set on seawater density by meter. References: Anderson, George, and Michael Tauber.Unesco Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and George Anderson.Salinity vs Refractive Index and Salinity vs Specific Gravity Curves. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy. 3.5 Density and Salinity lecture.Ted.ucsd.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy.Milero Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. The Ocean and Temperature.The Ocean and Temperature. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.

Esssential of Negotiation

Helsinki School of Economics Advanced Negotiation Practices Course Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Lewicki, Roy J. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. 2001. Essentials of Negotiation: 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reviewed by Mohammad Moshtari February 2008 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Book Introduction This book represents authors’ response to faculty who wanted a briefer version of the longer text, Negotiation. The objective of this shorter volume is to provide the reader with the core concepts negotiation in a more succinct version. The book is organized into 9 chapters. The first four chapters introduce the reader to ? Negotiation Fundamentals?. The first chapter introduces the field of negotiation and conflict management, describes the basic problem of interdependence with other people, and briefly explores the problems of managing that interdependence. The second chapter introduces the concept of ? framing? or how parties come to decide what a negotiation is all about, and how parties need to plan for an upcoming negotiation. Chapter 3 and 4 then present the two core approaches to negotiations: the basic dynamics of competitive (win-loss) bargaining (chapter 3) and the basic dynamics of integrative (win-win) negotiation (chapter 4). The next two chapters present two key sub processes of negotiation: cognition and communication, and power and persuasion. In chapter 5, basic processes of cognition and communication in negotiation is reviewed, especially communication dynamics is examined as well as a number of common cognition and judgment biases made by negotiators. In chapter 6, authors looked at the tools negotiators can use to pressure the other side, using the tools of persuasion and power to get the other to change his or her perspective or give in to our arguments. The next two chapters review two key context elements of negotiation. In chapter 7, authors examined the ethical context and standards that surround negotiation and create unique challenges for negotiators in deciding how fully and completely they are going to disclose their bargaining positions. In chapter 8, authors attempted to clarify how national cultures around the world shape the diverse ways parties approach negotiations. The last chapter emphasizes strategies that can be used by the parties to resolve breakdowns in the negotiation process. Chapter 9 explores the techniques that negotiators can use on their own to get negotiations back on track. Authors made some of related materials (secondary chapters) accessible on the World Wide Web (at www. mhhe. com/business/managment/lewicki) including social context of negotiation, multiparty negotiations or managing difficult negotiations: theirs party approaches. The organization of the book also parallels more closely the organization of a companion volume, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises and Cases by Roy J. Lewicki. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. Contents in Brief ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The nature of negotiation Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation Communication, perception and cognitive biases Finding and using negotiation leverage Ethics in negotiation Global negotiation Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 1: The nature of negotiation The structure and processes of negotiation are fundamentally the same at personal level as they are at the diplomatic and corporate level. Negotiations occur for two reasons: (1) to create something new that neither party could do on his or her own, (2) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. There are sev eral characteristics common to all negotiation situations: (1) there are two or ore parties, (2) there is a conflict of interest between them, (3) The parties negotiate duo to get a better deal (4) the parties, at least for a moment prefer to search for agreement, (5) when they negotiate they expect to give and take, (6) successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles (such as need to look good) as well as resolving the tangibles (such as the terms of agreement) In negotiations both parties need each other. This situation of mutual dependency is called interdependence. Interdependent relationships are characterized by interlocking goals; the parties need each other to accomplish their goals. The structure of the interdependence (wind-lose or win-win), determines the range of possible outcomes of the negotiation and suggests the appropriate strategies and tactics that the negotiators should use. Interdependent relationships are complex. Both parties know that they can influence the other’s outcomes and their outcomes in turn be influenced by the other. This mutual adjustment continues throughout the negotiation as both parties act to influence the other. Making and interpreting concessions is no easy work, especially when there is little trust between negotiations. The search for an optimal solution through the processes of giving information and making concessions is greatly aided by trust and a belief that you are being treated honesty and fairly. Two efforts in negotiation help to create such trust and belief: perceptions of outcomes that attempts to change a party’s estimation of the perceived importance of something and perception of the process may help convey images of equity, fairness and reciprocity in proposals and concessions. One potential consequence of interdependent relationship is conflict that can be duo to the highly divergent needs of the two parties, a misunderstanding that occurs between two people, or some other intangible factors. One way to classify conflicts is by level, and four levels of conflicts are commonly identified: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, inter-group conflict. Conflict may be destructive or productive, so the objective is not to eliminate conflict but to learn how to manage it so that the destructive elements are controlled while the productive aspects are enjoyed. Negotiation is a strategy for productively managing conflict. Many approaches to managing conflict have been suggested. The below two dimensional framework is represented as the dual concerns model. The model postulates that individuals in conflict have two independent levels of concern: concern about their own outcomes and concern about the other’s outcomes. As mentioned in the figure, there are five major Problem Yielding strategies for conflict management. Each strategy has its Solving advantages and disadvantages and is more or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which (compromising) the dispute occurs. Thus, conflict theory and research have moved toward a contingency approach advocating that the Inaction Contending strategy selected should be based on the objectives of the parties and the nature of their dispute. Two major mechanisms for resolving conflicts-third parties and Concern about own outcomes conflict management systems- extend above and beyond the strategies of the parties themselves. Concern about others’ utcomes 3 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 2: Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning In this chapter, authors discuss what negotiators should do before sitting down at the table: framing, strategizing, and planning. Framing is the means by which the parties in a negotiation define the problem. They mention that there are three ways to understand frames: as cognitive heuristics, at categories of experience, and as a process of issue development. In continuation, they try to introduce the negotiator to the power and prevalence of frames via: different types of frames, how certain frames may be invoked or ignored in a given situation, the consequences of framing a conflict in a particular way and the approaches that negotiators can use to manage frames more effectively. Understanding frames- which means understanding how parties define the key issues and how conversations can shift and transform those issues- is the first step in effective planning. After framing, negotiators must anticipate what they want to achieve in a negotiation and must prepare for these events in advance. The preparation must include attention to substantive items including goals, goal priorities, and multi-goal packages as well as procedural concerns dealing with agendas and bargaining histories. the choice of goals and frames are strongly interactive and the existence of one will rapidly produce evidence of other. Afterwards negotiators move to the third element in the sequence: selecting and developing a strategy. According to below suggested model, negotiators have some choices of a negotiation that is reflected in the answers to two simple questions: how much concern does the actor have for achieving the substantive outcomes at stake in this Substantive outcome important? negotiation and how much concern does the Yes No negotiator have for the current and future quality of relationship with the other party. Yes Collaboration Accommodation In the last part of chapter, authors explain the importance of planning. hile success in negotiation is affected by how one plays the game, the most important step for success is No Competition Avoidance how to one gets ready for the game. effective planning also hard work on a number of specific steps: ? Defining issues ? Assembling issues and defining the bargaining mix ? Defining interests ? Consulting with others ? Identifying limits ? Setting targets ? Developing supporting arguments ? Analyzing the other party Frames, goals, strategies and stages set the background for an effective planning process. If the negotiator is able to consider and evaluate each of these factors, the negotiator will know what he or she wants and will have a clear sense of direction on how to proceed. The sense of direction, and the confidence derived from it will be the single most important factor in achieving a desired negotiation outcome. Rational choice important 4 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 3: Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation In a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are usually in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of the other party. Resources are fixed and each party will use a set of strategies to maximize their share of resources to be obtained. While distributive strategies are useful, they can also be counterproductive and costly. Often they cause the negotiating parties to focus so much on their differences that they ignore what they have in common. These negative effects notwithstanding, distributive bargaining strategies are quite useful when a negotiator wants to maximize the value obtained in a single deal and when the relationship with the other party is not important. Both parties to a negotiation should establish their starting, target and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. Starting points are usually in the opening statements each party makes. The target point is usually learned or inferred as negotiations get under way. The resistance point, the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations. The spread between the resistance points, called bargaining range, settlement range or zone of potential agreement, is particularly important. In this area the actual bargaining takes place, for anything outside these point will be summarily rejected by one of the two negotiators. It is rare that a negotiation includes only one item; more typically there is a set of items, referred to as a bargaining mix. Each item in a bargaining mix can have opening, target and resistance points. The bargaining mix may provide opportunities for bundling issues together, logrolling or displaying mutually concessionary behavior. Negotiators by employing strategies attempt to influence each other perceptions of what is possible through the exchange of information and persuasion. Regardless of the general strategy taken, two tasks are important in all distributive bargaining situations: discovering the other party’s resistance point and influencing the other party’s resistance point. The negotiator’s basic goal is to reach a final settlement as close to the other party’s resistance point as possible. Four tactical tasks are suggested for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining: (1) to asses the other party’s outcome values and the costs of terminating negotiations, (2) to manage the other party’s impressions of the negotiator’s outcome values, (3) to modify the other party’s perception of his or her own outcome values, and (4) to manipulate the actual costs of delaying or aborting negotiations. The other decision to be made at the outset of distributive bargaining concerns the stance to adopt during negotiations. A reasonable bargaining position is usually coupled with a friendly stance and an extreme position is usually couple ith a tougher, more competitive stance. A key concept in creating a bargaining position is that of commitment. The purpose of a commitment is to remove ambiguity about the actor’s intended course of action. There are several ways to create a commitment: public pronouncement, link with an outside ally, increase the promi nence of demands, reinforce the treat or promise. There are a set of hardball tactics to beat the other party. Such tactics are designed to pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the user’s adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach. Some of them are: good guy/bad guy, highball/lowball, bogey, the nibble, chicken, intimidation, aggressive behavior, snow job. The authors suggested three ways for responding to typical hardball tactics, including ignore them, discuss them and respond in kind. 5 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 4: Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation In many negotiations there need not be winners and losers; all parties can be winner. In integrative negotiation- variously known as cooperative, collaborative, win-win, or problem solving- the goals of the parties are not mutually exclusive. The fundamental structure of an integrative negotiation situation is such that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives. Integrative negotiation requires a process fundamentally different from that of distributive negotiation. Those wishing to achieve integrative results find that they must manage both the context and the process of the negotiation in order to gain the willing cooperation and commitment of all parties. The following processes tend to be central to achieving almost all integrative agreements: ? creating a free flow of information ? ttempting to understand the other negotiator’s real needs and objectives ? emphasizing the commonalities between the parties and minimizing the difference ? searching for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides There are four major steps in the integrative negotiation process: 1. Identifying and defining the problem, ? define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides ? keep the problem statement clean and simple ? state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal ? epersonalize the problem ? separate the problem definition from the search for solution 2. understanding the problem and bringing interests and needs to the surface (focusing on interests will allow the parties to move beyond opening positions and demands to determine what the parties really want, what needs truly must be satisfied) 3. generating alternative solutions to the problem (tactics such as expand the pie, logroll, nonspecific compensation, cut the costs for compliance, find a bridge solution 4. Evaluating those alternatives and selecting among them ? narrow the range of solution options ? agree to the criteria in advance of evaluating options ? evaluate solutions on the basis of quality and acceptability ? be willing to justify personal preferences ? be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options ? use subgroups to evaluate complex issues ? take time out to cool off ? explore different ways to logroll ? keep decisions tentative and conditional until all aspects of the final proposals are complete ? inimize formality and record keeping until final agreements are closed Authors identified seven fundamental preconditions for successful integrative negotiation: some form of shared or common goal, faith in one’s own ability to solve problems, a belief in the validity and importance of the other’s position, the motivation and commitment to work together, trust in the opposing negotiator, the ability to accurately exchange information in spite of confl ict conditions, and an understanding of how the process works. 6 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 5: Communication, perception and cognitive biases Communication is at the heart of the negotiating process. This chapter focuses on the processes by which negotiators communicate their own interests, positions, and goals and in turn make sense of those of the other party and of the negotiation as a whole. Weather the intent is to command and compel, sell, persuade or gain commitment, how parties communicate in negotiation would seem to depend on the ability of the speaker to encode the thoughts properly as well as on the ability of the listener to understand and decode the intended messages. There are two critical sub-processes of communication: perception and cognition. ? Perception is defined as the process of screening, selecting and interpreting stimuli so that they have meaning to the individual. The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the available information, so perception becomes selective, focusing on some stimuli while turning out others. As a result people have several shortcuts in their perceptual systems that allow them to process information more readily. Unfortunately these shortcuts come with cost-perceptual errors such as stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception or projectionswhich typically occur without people being aware that they are happening. Stimulus Attention Recognition Translation Behavior Perception ? Rather than being perfect processors of information, negotiators have a tendency to make systematic errors when they process information. These errors, labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator performance: the irrational escalation of commitment, mythical fixed pie belief, the process f anchoring and adjustment, issue and problem framing, negotiators overconfidence, the winner’s curse, self-serving biases, ignoring others’ cognitions, the law of small numbers and reactive devaluation. Failures and distortions in perception, cognition and communication are the most dominant contributors to breakdowns and failures in negotiations. Three main techniques have been proposed for improving communic ation in negotiation: the use of questions, listening and role reversal. 7 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 6: Finding and using negotiation leverage In this chapter, the authors focus on leverage in negotiation that means the tools negotiators can use to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their own objectives. Leverage is often used synonymously with power. Authors explain three major sources of power: information and expertise, control over resources, and location in an organizational structure and then point to the process for using power as an attempt to change the other’s position, view or perspective. During negotiations, actors frequently need to convince each other, influence the other party’s positions, perceptions and opinions and for doing these they employ a group of tactics that are called persuasion. Authors consider four key elements of persuasion: ways in which sources of information can be powerful, ways in which messages can be structured to be more powerful, ways in which targets of persuasion can enhance or reduce their power and ways in which the elements in social context can exert indirect influence on the target. There are some ways in which to think about the key factors in the persuasion/ leverage process. One of them is shown in below figure. Message factors Resultant attitudes (positions) Initial attitudes (positions) ? Message content ? Message Structure ? Persuasive style Source factor ? Credibility ? Attractiveness Target factors ? attending to the other ? Resisting the other’s arguments Context factor Reciprocity, Commitment, Social proof, Use of reward and punishment, Scarcity Central Route Peripheral Route ? ? ? ? Message factors or ways in which he content of the message can be structured and presented to enhance its effectiveness Source factors or ways in which the sender of the message can enhance his or her credibility and attractiveness in order to make the message more believable or more friendly Receiver factors or ways in which the receiver of the message can either shape and direct what the sender is communicating or intellectually resist the persuasive effects of the message Context factors or elements inherent in the social structure (such as the relationship between the parties, the setting in which the message is sent or the amount time taken to communicate the message) that can determine whether a message is more or less likely to be received and complied with. There are at least three major things that you as the listener can do to resist the other’s influence efforts: have a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), make a public commitment (or get the other pa rty to make one) and inoculate yourself against the other’s persuasive message. 8 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 7: Ethics in negotiation In this chapter authors explored the question of whether there are or should be accepted ethical standards for behavior in negotiation. Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation or a process for setting those standards. Ethics proceed from particular philosophies, which purport to (a) define the nature of the world in which we live and (b) prescribe rules for living together. The authors present a model to help explain how a negotiator decides whether to employ one or more deceptive tactics. Intentions and motives for using deceptive tactics Consequences: 1. Impact of tactic: does it work? 2. Self-evaluation 3. Feedback and reaction from other negotiator, constituency and audiences Influence Situation Identification of range of influence tactics Selection and use of a deceptive tactic Explanation and Justification Deception and disguise may take several forms in negotiation as follows: misrepresentation of one’s position to another party, bluffing, falsification (introduction of factually erroneous information), deception (collection of true and/or untrue arguments that leads the other party to the wrong conclusion) and selective disclosure or misrepresentation to constituencies. The authors predicted that (1) when motivated to be competitive and when expecting the other to be competitive the negotiator would see the marginally ethical tactics as appropriate and (2) when both parties were competitively motivated they would exhibit the greatest tendency to employ marginally ethical tactics. From the negotiator’s perspective the primary motivation to use a deceptive tactic is to gain a temporary power advantage. Using these tactics then produces consequences: the tactic may work (produce desired results) or not work; people evaluate their own use of the tactics( asking themselves if they were satisfied with the results, and if using the tactic was personally acceptable) and people also may receive evaluative comments from the other negotiator from constituencies and from audiences. Those evaluative comments may serve to increase or decrease the use of similar tactics in the future. If using the tactic allows negotiators to attain rewarding outcomes that would be unavailable to them if they behaved ethically and if the unethical conduct is not punished by others the frequency of unethical conduct is likely to increase because the negotiator believes he or she can get away with it. Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that although unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short run these same tactics typically lead to diminished effectiveness in the long term. (Consequences of these tactics on the negotiator’s reputation and trustworthiness, other party retaliation and revenge) If negotiators think the other party is using deceptive tactics he/she can do the following acts: Ask probing questions and recognize the tactic. 9 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 8: Global negotiation In this chapter authors examined various aspects of a growing field of negotiation that explores the complexities of negotiating across borders. Negotiators from different cultures (countries) use different negotiation strategies and communication patterns when negotiating intra-culturally than when negotiating cross-culturally. Two overall contexts have an influence on cross border negotiations: the environmental context, includes forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party but that influence the negotiations, and immediate context, includes factors over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. To know more cultures, Hofstede suggested that there are four important dimensions that can be used to describe cultural differences: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance. Foster suggests that culture can influence global negations in several ways, including: the definition of negotiation, the selection of negotiators, protocol, communication, time, risk propensity, groups versus individuals and the nature of agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to manage cultural differences when negotiating across borders. Weiss presented the options that people have when negotiating with someone from other culture. According to him, when choosing a strategy, negotiators should be aware of their own and the other party’s cultures in general, understand the specific factors in the current relationship, and predict or try to influence the other party’s approach. His suggested responsive strategies may be arranged into three groups, base on familiarity (low, moderate, high) that a negotiator has with the other party’s culture. Within each group there are some strategies that the negotiator may use individually (unilateral strategies) and others that involve the participation of the other party (joint strategies). Low familiarity ? Employ agents or advisors (unilateral Strategy) ? bring in a mediator ? Induce the other party to use your approach Moderate familiarity ? Adapt to the other party’s approach ? Coordinate adjustment High familiarity ? Embrace the other party’s approach ? Improvise an approach ? Effect symphony 10 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 9: Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Through any number of different avenues – breakdowns in communication, escalation of anger and mistrust, polarization of positions and refusal to compromise, the issuance of ultimatums or simply the inability to invent options that are satisfactory to both sides – negotiations often hit an impasse. Productive dialogue stops. The parties may continue talking but the communication is usually characterized by trying to sell or force one’s own position, talking about other’s unreasonable position and uncooperative behavior or both. This chapter reviewed actions that the parties can take to return to a productive dialogue. In general there are five major conflict reduction strategies that can be applied in contentious situations: 1. Reducing tension and managing the de-escalation of hostility (via methods such as tension release, acknowledgment of the other’s feelings (active listening), separating the parties, synchronized de-escalation) 2. Enhancing communication, particularly improving each party’s understanding of the other’s perspective (via methods such as role reversal or imaging) 3. Controlling the number and size of issues in the discussion ? Reduce the number of parties on each side ? control the number of substantive issues involved ? state issues in concrete terms rather than as general principles ? restrict the precedents involved, both procedural and substantive ? search for ways to fractionate the big issues ? depersonalize issues: separate them from the parties advocating them 4. Establishing a common ground on which the parties can find a basis for agreement (via methods such as determining super ordinate goals, clarifying common enemies, agreement on the rules and procedures) 5. Enhancing the desirability of the options and alternatives that each party presents to the other (give the other party a â€Å"yes-able† proposal, ask for a different decision, sweeten the offer rather than intensify the threat, use legitimacy or objective criteria to evaluate solutions) The order of above steps is the one most frequently used by third parties in resolving disputes and hence we believe it also will be the most effective if employed by negotiators themselves. If the conflict cannot be controlled effectively, third-party intervention may become necessary. 11

How to Connect a Database and Add/Update/Delete/Record

How to Connect to a Database and Add/Update/Delete Record In this tutorial I will explain to you on how to connect to an Access database and allow you to Add/Update/Delete  a record. To fully understand these tutorials please  download  the source code  How to Add/Update/Delete Record using MS Access Database. This source code is part of the  Hotel Reservation System  that I am currently working. At the end of this tutorial you will learn the basic of database programming. I would like, however, to emphasize especially for beginners that one way to learn programming is to know how to debug a program and devote some of your time to reading.Don't be frightened on how short or long an article should be. The important is at the end of the tutorial you will learn something NEW! If you already know the topic, then don’t bother to study this again. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Let’s get started 3. Database Connection 4. Add and Update a Record 5. Delete a R ecord 6. Final Thoughts Introduction Before I started learning VB. NET one of the topic that I search for in the internet is on how to connect to the database and make some changes to the table. Although there’s a lot of results, but I cannot find one that suit to my needs.Most of the tutorial is using drag and drop features of vb. net editor. Well, this is okay in most cases but what if you’d like to manipulate the data by code? So, I created this tutorial so that beginner programmer will learn from this. Let’s get started It is very important that you use your common sense to understand the logic of database programming. There’s a lot of features built-in to Visual Basic Editor that most programmer especially beginner who overlook it. One of the favorite tools I usually used is the  DEBUGGER. If you only knew how important a debugger is, then you do not even need to study this tutorial.Why? Because you can jump right away to the source code and start firing the F8 command from your keyboard and analyze every line as you step through the code. Anyway beginner is a beginner. You need to start from scratch. If you have already downloaded the source code, then open it in the visual basic . net editor by double clicking the â€Å"HowtoAddUpdateDeleteRecord. sln†. If you want to know what is the object that runs the first time you start the program (by pressing F5) then double click the â€Å"My Project† at the Solution Explorer. Look at the Startup Form.You will see that the value is â€Å"frmCustomersList†. Now, click this object in the Solution Explorer and click the View Code at the toolbar. Look for the Load event similar below: Private  Sub  frmCustomersList_Load(ByVal  sender  As  System. Object,  ByVal  e  As  System. EventArgs)Handles  MyBase. Load   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sSql =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName, ContactName, ContactTitle, Address FROM Customers ORDER BY Cu stomerID ASC†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Call  FillList() FillListView(lvList, GetData(sSql)) End  Sub frmCustomersList_Load is the second procedure that runs when you hit the F5 Key from your keyboard.If you’d like to know how this code is executed then press F8. Believe it or not F8 is the answer to all your programming question. And I really mean it. When I started programming all I do is to search for free source code and start using the debugging tool. That’s why Visual Basic is being named as Rapid Application Development or RAD. If you follow the debugger the first line it executes is the  Private  Sub  frmCustomersList_Resize(ByVal  senderAs  Object,  ByVal  e  As  System. EventArgs)  then followed by  frmCustomersList_Load  which is actually the important procedure to note here.Another important debugging tool is â€Å"Toggle Breakpoint†. You will be prompted to your code if one of the line is marked by toggle brea k point. This can be done by pressing the F9 key or clicking the Debug menu then Toggle Breakpoint. This tool is important if the form is already loaded and you want to tract the execution of a code say within a command button. For example. Open the form  frmCustomersList  and double click the add button and move the up arrow key once and press F9. You willl have a picture as shown below: [inline:Toggle Breakpoint. jpg]Now, when you run the program and click the Add button you will be directed to the code editor window. This case you will see what is happening when you are executing the program. Isn’t it nice? Database Connection In order to connect to the database you need a connection string like this: Public  Const  cnString  As  String  =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Provider=Microsoft. Jet. OLEDB. 4. 0;Persist Security Info=False;Data Source=.. /data/sample. mdb† Then open it by using this command: Dim  cnHotel  As  OleDbConnection cnHotel =  New  OleDbConnect ion With  cnHotel If  . State = ConnectionState.Open  Then  . Close() .ConnectionString = cnString .Open() End  With You need this whether you use  OleDbDataReader, ExecuteNonQuery or OleDbCommandBuilder  to read or write into the database table. To know more about this class just click this command and press F1 key to open the help files. Be sure you installed the MSDN. Since you have already open the connection to your database this is now the time to fill the ListView with data. This can be done by calling a function like: FillListView(lvList, GetData(sSql)) The line of code will then execute a function: Fill ListView control with data Public  Sub  FillListView(ByRef  lvList  As  ListView,  ByRef  myData  As  OleDbDataReader)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim  itmListItem  As  ListViewItem Dim  strValue  As  String Do  While  myData. Read itmListItem =  New  ListViewItem() strValue = IIf(myData. IsDBNull(0),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, myData. GetValue(0))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   itmListItem. Text = strValue For  shtCntr = 1  To  myData. FieldCount() – 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If  myData. IsDBNull(shtCntr)  Then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   itmListItem. SubItems. Add(â€Å"†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Else itmListItem. SubItems. Add(myData. GetString(shtCntr))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End  IfNext  shtCntr lvList. Items. Add(itmListItem) Loop End  Sub Again in order to see how this code is being executed just run the program using the debugging tool (either F8 or F9). The rest of the procedure is executed only when they are called. For example, the code below is executed only when you click the Add button. Private  Sub  btnAdd_Click(ByVal  sender  As  System. Object,  ByVal  e  As  S ystem. EventArgs)  HandlesbtnAdd. Click   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim  CustomerID  As  String frmCustomers. State = gModule. FormState. adStateAddMode   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For  Each  sItem  As  ListViewItem  In  lvList.SelectedItems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CustomerID = sItem. Text Next frmCustomers. CustomerID = CustomerID frmCustomers. ShowDialog() Call  FillList() End  Sub This code will open the form  frmCustomers  in add mode and will execute also its own Load Event. If you want to open the form  frmCustomers  in edit mode, then just double click the item in a ListView. The code being executed are: Private  Sub  lvList_DoubleClick(ByVal  sender  As  Object,  ByVal  e  As  System. EventArgs)  HandleslvList. DoubleClick   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim  CustomerID  As  String For  Each  sItem  As  ListViewItem  In  lvList.SelectedItems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   CustomerID = sItem. Text Next With  frmCustomers .State = gModule. FormState. adStateEditMode   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . CustomerID = CustomerID .ShowDialog() Call  FillList() End  With frmCustomers =  Nothing End  Sub The two procedure seems carry the same concept, by opening a form, except they vary on the button invoke for execution. The line frmCustomers. State = gModule. FormState. adStateAddMode will tell the target form to open the connection to the database in add mode and frmCustomers. State = gModule. FormState. adStateEditMode ill open the database in edit mode. Add and Update a Record Now, how to save the data in textboxes within the form? This can be done by calling a procedure calledbtnSave_Click. This procedure is fired when the Save button is clicked. Private  Sub  btnSave_Click(ByVal  sender  As  System. Object,  ByVal  e  As  System. EventArgs)  HandlesbtnSave. Click   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim  d t  As  DataTable = dsCustomers. Tables(â€Å"Customers†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If  txtCustomerID. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†Ã‚  Or  txtCompanyName. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†Ã‚  Then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MsgBox(â€Å"Please fill up Customer ID or Company Name information. â€Å", MsgBoxStyle.Critical)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exit  Sub End  If Try If  State = gModule. FormState. adStateAddMode  Then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ add a row Dim  newRow  As  DataRow newRow = dt. NewRow() newRow(â€Å"CustomerID†) = txtCustomerID. Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   dt. Rows. Add(newRow) End  If With  dt .Rows(0)(â€Å"CustomerID†) = txtCustomerID. Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"CompanyName†) = txtCompanyName. Text   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"ContactName†) = IIf(txtContactName. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtContactName. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"ContactTitle†) = IIf(txtContactTitle. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System.DBNull. Value, txtContactTitle. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"Address†) = IIf(txtAddress. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtAddress. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"City†) = IIf(txtCity. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtCity. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"Region†) = IIf(txtRegion. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtRegion. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"PostalCode†) = IIf(txtPostalCode. Text =  Ã¢â‚ ¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtPostalCode. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"Country†) = IIf(txtCountry. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtCountry.Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"Phone†) = IIf(txtPhone. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtPhone. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Rows(0)(â€Å"Fax†) = IIf(txtFax. Text =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†, System. DBNull. Value, txtFax. Text)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   daCustomers. Update(dsCustomers,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Customers†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MsgBox(â€Å"Record successfully saved. â€Å", MsgBoxStyle. Information)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End  With Catch  ex  As  OleDbException MsgBox(ex. ToString) End  Try End  Sub The code for adding and u pdating a table is the same except that if you are in add mode you just simply add this command: If  State = gModule.FormState. adStateAddMode  Then ‘ add a row Dim  newRow  As  DataRow newRow = dt. NewRow() newRow(â€Å"CustomerID†) = txtCustomerID. Text dt. Rows. Add(newRow) End If This way you do not need to create a separate command to insert and update a table. Delete a Record Let us go back to  frmCustomersList  form and delete a record. The procedure before will be fired after clicking a Delete button: Private  Sub  btnDelete_Click(ByVal  sender  As  System. Object,  ByVal  e  As  System. EventArgs)  HandlesbtnDelete. Click   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dim  CustomerID  As  String For  Each  sItem  As  ListViewItem  In  lvList.SelectedItems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CustomerID = sItem. Text Next If  CustomerID ;;  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†Ã‚  Then ‘Delete the selected record Dim  strDeleted   As  Boolean strDeleted = ExecNonQuery(â€Å"DELETE Customers. CustomerID FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID= ‘†Ã‚  & CustomerID &  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If  strDeleted =  Ã¢â‚¬Å"True†Ã‚  Then MsgBox(â€Å"Record's deleted. â€Å", MsgBoxStyle. Information)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Call  FillList() Else MsgBox(strDeleted) End  If Else MsgBox(â€Å"Please select record to delete. â€Å", MsgBoxStyle. Critical)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End  If End  Sub The important line here is the strDeleted = ExecNonQuery(â€Å"DELETE Customers.CustomerID FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID= ‘†Ã‚  & CustomerID &  Ã¢â‚¬Å"‘†) which call the function  ExecNonQuery  and deletes a record based on the SQL Statement. Final Thoughts The above tutorial will simply teach you on how to connect to a database and make some changes to the database table. It is very important that you read first some tutorials about programming before you dive into the source code if you’re just starting out. If you really wanted to learn faster, then I recommend a book which is my reference also with this article. This book is called  Beginning VB 2008 Databases: From Novice to Professional (Beginning: