Kola Nuts Free Essays

Kola-Nut: The Symbol of Hospitality (title) †¢It is a bitter brown seed containing caffeine †¢In the past, has been added to drinks to diminish hunger and fatigue †¢The offering of a Kola-Nut is very important in the igbo culture and is only offered to very important guests †¢This offering of the Kola-Nut has three steps that must be followed. The first step is the presentation of the kola-nuts. The next is the breaking of the kola-nut and the third is the distribution of the kola-nuts †¢Presentation of the kola-nut can only be done by privileged men †¢Kola-nut is passed around until it finally comes back to the guest †¢Elder will then hold up kola-nut and say a prayer †¢Then kola-nuts are eaten Onyemaechi, Uzoma. We will write a custom essay sample on Kola Nuts or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Igbo Culture and Socialization. † Igbo Culture. University of Michigan, 26 May 2012. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. kwenu. com/igbo/igbowebpages/Igbo. dir/Culture/culture_and_socialization. tml. Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Kola Nut. † Igbo Culture and Igbo Language. N. p. , 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. igboguide. org/HT-chapter8. htm. â€Å"Kola Nut. † Energy. N. p. , 16 July 2011. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. tumblr. com/tagged/kola-nut. Igbo Foods * The Yam is a staple food for Igbo people and civilization * Yam was always abundant, helpful during lean times * The Iwaji or New Yam festival each year celebrates importance of vegetable in Igbo culture. Prayers offered up and thanks given to the gods and spirits of traditional folklore. * Yam made in many ways * Can be pealed and boiled or pulped into a doughy consistency to produce pounded yam * Also ate a lot of pumpkins and gari (cassava powder) dumplings * Regular Meals * Typically soup with meat or fish * Sided with yams, garri (tapioca), semovita, or jollof rice Hafner, Dorinda. A Taste of Africa . Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1993. Imoisi, Janice. Cooking Nigerian Style: Delicious African Recipes . Houston, TX: Gayle Publishing. , 2000. Widjaja, Michael. â€Å"Food and Recipes. † Igbo Food and Recipes. Michael Widjaja, 2000. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. igboguide. org/HT-chapter3. htm. Agwu, Kene. â€Å"Yam and the Igbos. † BBC News. BBC, 8 Jan. 2008. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www. bbc. co. uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/01/yam_and_the_igbos_feature. shtml. â€Å"ANAM CITY Blog. † Yam Preservation A «. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://anamcity. wordpress. com/tag/yam-preservation/. How to cite Kola Nuts, Essay examples

How does Dickens use language to explore this idea of fog all over London Essay Example For Students

How does Dickens use language to explore this idea of fog all over London Essay In â€Å"Bleak House†, Dickens uses language to create an atmosphere of fog all over London. He uses different techniques to do this, one of which is a variation of sentence length and another is his punctuation. He also uses repetition and personification. Firstly the lengths of the sentences are short or long. At the beginning he uses a sentence, but not a grammatically correct one: â€Å"Fog everywhere†. Sentences must contain a verb and this one does not. However it still makes sense because it is a statement for the rest of the paragraph. Also this sentence only contains two words which make it really short. After this sentence comes a really long, five clause complex sentence. The sentence length here has a huge difference in comparison to the first. Dickens wrote it like this purposely so it gives the effect of the fog appearing suddenly, for him then to do the opposite and make the moment slow, long and reflective. This creates a miserable atmosphere which is here to stay. Dickens uses punctuation to create a depressing atmosphere through the use of semi colons and commas. Sentence three is short as it has two phrases which are separated by a comma. In contrast the following sentence is long and it is split by a semi colon. The first part is about the large ships, the second is concentrating on smaller boats. Incidentally He also uses repetition of the word â€Å"fog† with intent. His intention here is not to remind the readers that there is fog but to add the effect of fog. Repetition here reinforces the message and adds conviction to it. This leaves the readers more interested as they know there is fog but don’t know the reasons for it or what will happen because of it. The use of personification here makes the fog seem alive: â€Å"flows†, â€Å"rolls†, â€Å"Fog â€Å"Creeping†. These are all verbs making the â€Å"fog† seem alive by allowing it to make human movements. This creates a sense of movement, and it also suggests that the fog has a life of its own. It feels like it is an enemy from which there is no escape. The fog seems ominous. Personification is used here to convey a depressing mood and this makes the text more interesting to read. In conclusion Dickens uses different methods to describe the idea of â€Å"fog everywhere†. This includes short then a long complex sentence, repetition and personification. He does this because of his creative writing abilities of using different techniques at the right time and in a variation.

Risk Aversion

societies of athens and sparta essays

societies of athens and sparta essays Athens and Sparta, both important cities in ancient Greece, were very different and unique in their own way. While Athens focused more on farming and their status in society, Sparta was a military city, teaching every boy from a young age to become a soldier. Everybody has different opinions about which is better, but I believe Sparta would have been the city for me. It has many qualities that the city of Athens lacks, and also is fairer, especially to women. Athens first started out as a city-state ruled by a basileus, or king (Columbia encyclopedia). Unlike Sparta, Athens was not taken over by a neighbor city. This was because Athens was a very agriculturally rich city, which also had a harbor so trading was always an option. As the council of nobles, also called Areopagus from the name of the hill they met on, became more wealthy, the power of the basileus slowly faded. In eighth century BC, the nobles became unbelievable wealthy, mostly by growing cash crops which included wine and olive oil. They both require great wealth to get started (Cohen 49). Slowly, the nobles of the Areopagus took over and stripped the king of power until the Athenian government was only run by a few. The Areopagus, consisting of a number of members, elected nine archons, or rulers to run the state. The archons always had to verify everything with the Areopagus, and after their term were required to become members (MacDowell). This was unfair, because ult imately, that means the Areopagus ruled the country. The Spartans, however had a different idea of ruling. It all started in eighth century BC, when Sparta was a monarchy with limited government. In 725, the population was growing and they desperately needed land. To solve this problem, the Spartans marched over the Taygetus mountains and invaded all of Messenia. The Messenians had plenty of fertile land and the Spartans were satisfied. However, the Messenians were an ...

Evaluating Organizational Behavior Research Paper

Evaluating Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that through observing from both internal and external perspectives, individuals understand why people tend to behave in a particular manner within a team environment. PepsiCo. Inc is a multinational corporation from the United States (USA) that deals with food and beverage with its headquarters at New York in the USA. The company engages in manufacturing, marketing as well as a distribution of beverages, grain-based snack foods, as well as other products. The multinational engages in business operations throughout the continent. A focus on the company’s human resource policies proves essential to understanding its organization behavior. With distribution channels and manufacturing units all around the globe, the company realized the reason for successful operation is achieved through enhancing effective human resource policies. The code of conduct and Human Rights Work Policy of the company outlines guiding measures that ensure an embodied companyâ€⠄¢s policy that enhances in dealing fairly and honestly with the company’ s associates regarding wages and benefits as well as other employment conditions. The company provides equal opportunities for associates without tolerance for discrimination and thereby ensuring compliance with all applicable regulations, laws as well as other employment standards. Consequently, the company maintains a â€Å"Speak Up† policy line operational for twenty-four hours and an internet portal to enhance reporting of any alleged or suspected human rights abuses. The company respects workers dignity in the workplace as well as ensuring the associate's rights to personal security, clean, safe, as well as the healthful workplace. The company also provides associates freedom from harassment and abuse of al manners. Fair treatment and honesty are consequently applied in relation to workers wages, benefits and all conditions of employment. The associates’ right to freedom of associatio n also remains a significant point of consideration within the company.

US Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Steel - Essay Example The US steel industry justification for its request for protection is loss of jobs of many workers in the steel industry, as far as the workers unions are concerned, due to closure of business or folding up of some steel producers, due to lower import prices of steel products than those locally produced. As to whether the justification is legitimate should be gauged by a declaration of a body authorized by law to make determination. As far as the Bush administration is concerned, it may have believed that the justification was legitimate when it decided to self initiate Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 201 is the law for the protection of domestic industry in addition to the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. Said law operates not on proof of unfair trade practices but by ITC determinations that the volume of a particular import constituted a substantial cause of threat of serious injury to a domestic industry. The president can impose a temporary import relief without violating the rules of the World Trade Organization and after initiating, in a give industry, the case will go straight to the ITC, which rules on the case and, if positive, will make recommendation to the President, who then has 60 days to come up with a remedy. The remedy could be no action at al l, a tariff, a quota, a tariff-rate quota or some form of trade adjustment assistance. The legitimacy as believed by the President is questioned by domestic steel consumers and free trade advocates, who claims that the tariffs were blatantly protectionist, and could damage US steel-using industries more than they would help producers, and were adopted for purely political reasons, such a gaining support prior to the November midterm elections, and positioning Bush for the 2004 presidential election [FN3]. Gerald O’ Dricoll, director of the Heritage Foundations’ Center for International Trade and Economic commented on the Bush administration self-initiating Section

Density and Salinity of Seawater †Comparison of Methods

Density and Salinity of Seawater – Comparison of Methods Sergian Murtanu, Lab partner: Sammy Chaaban Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to compare the salinity of seawater from different methods. The average salinity in seawater is around 35 parts per thousand. 3 The BOD bottles were used to find the density of seawater, the equation to state was then applied, using density to determine the salinity. The salinity of seawater from the BOD method was 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with a relative standard deviation of 0.2618 percent. Using the same equation of state, the salinity was determined from the readings recorded by the density meter. The density meter produced salinity values of 34.75 ppt  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The conductivity probe measured the ability of the solution to pass current. The Unesco equation is used to convert the measured conductivity of seawater to salinity, which was calculated to be 42.71 ppt  ± 0.04359 with a RSD% of 0.1021. The refractometer measured the extent of which is bent, giving the refractive index. The average salinity through refra ctive index was 36.14 ppm  ± 2.56, with an RSD% of 0.1884. Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the salinity of seawater through two different methods: BOD bottles (volume) and density meter. Salinity, temperature, and density are related to each other through the equation of state. Physical properties of seawater are related through ‘state functions’. Salinity is defined as a measure of the total dissolved salts in a solution. As density increases, the amount of salt in seawater is expected to increase as well. Thus, density and salinity have a positive relationship with each other. As temperature increases, the area between each water molecule increases, which lowers the density.5 Density has an inverse relationship with temperature. An increase in the salts dissolved in seawater also causes the physical properties of: refractive index, electrical conductivity, transmission of sound, and surface tension to increase. On the contrary, increased salinity in seawater will cause the physical property of: freezing point, compressibility, solubility, and specific heat to decrease instead. Using the methods of electrical conductivity, BOD bottles, density meter, and refractometer, the salinity of seawater will be calculated and compared for the most accurate results. 3 Experimental: Apparatus: BOD Bottles Conductivity probe Density meter Refractometer Analytical balances Procedure: The density of seawater through the BOD method was discovered by finding the volume of both DI water and seawater. The BOD bottle is weighed dry, and filled with DI water. The temperature of each BOD bottle with DI is taken, and gives a corresponding density value through a chart. Using the equation: Volume=Mass/Density, the volume of DI water can be calculated. This process is repeated with seawater, with density of seawater being the weight of seawater divided by the mean volume of DI water. The density meter method uses a magnet to measure the period oscillation within the U-shaped tube. Seawater is put in the U-shaped tube. This gives the period of oscillation, T, which is then used in the equation: Ï =AT2 + B , to give the density of seawater(A, B are calibration coefficients). The equation of state given in the spreadsheet, Millero Density Spreadsheet is then used to calculate the salinity at the given density and temperature. 4 The conductivity probe is used to compare the trend between salinity and density. A conductivity probe is first calibrated, then put in a beaker of DI water, standard solution, and seawater. The reading is measured, with the probe cleaned between every new trial. Conductivity is the ability for a solution to pass current, so it is expected that salinity and density have a positive relationship. Using the formula given in the Unesco Equation Spreadsheet, the conductivity ratio is used to calculate the salinity. 1 The refractometer is a tool that measures the extent in which light is bent. Drop a sample of seawater to the measuring prism and use the hand wheel to adjust the sight. The illuminating prism should be put at the halfway point of the sample, this then gives the refractive index. Using given slope and intercept â€Å"Salinity vs. Refractive Index and Salinity vs. Specific Gravity Curves, the salinity and specific gravity is then calculated. 2 Results: Table 1 – Seawater salinity in BOD Bottle Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 21.5 33.35 2 21.6 33.47 3 21.7 33.30 Mean Salinity 33.37 Standard Deviation 0.08737 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.2618 Table 2 – Salinity of seawater by density meter Data obtained by Jessica Oregon Trial Temperature (C) Salinity 1 20 33.53 2 20 35.95 3 20 33.53 4 20 35.97 Mean Salinity 34.75 Standard Deviation 1.403 Relative Standard Deviation % 4.038 Table 3 – Salinity of seawater by refractive index Trial Seawater Salinity 1 1.3400 38.37 2 1.3391 33.34 3 1.3397 36.69 Mean Salinity 36.14 Standard Deviation 2.560 Relative Standard Deviation % 7.083 Table 4 – Salinity of seawater by conductivity probe (22.6 C) Trial Seawater (mS/cm) Standard (mS/cm) Salinity 1 49.6 49.4 42.76 2 49.6 49.5 42.68 3 49.7 49.6 42.68 4 49.6 49.4 42.76 5 49.7 49.6 42.68 Mean 49.6 49.5 42.71 Standard Deviation 0.0548 0.100 0.0436 Relative Standard Deviation % 0.110 0.202 0.102 Discussion: The results seem to imply that the salinity in seawater varies depending on the method, as some methods have a lesser chance of error than others. Using the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt as a comparison, most of the results seem to fall between the ranges of 33 to 37. However, the most notable difference is the salinity of seawater by conductivity probe. The conductivity probe method produced a mean salinity of 42.71 ppt  ± 0.0436, with a relative standard deviation of 0.102 percent. The results for the conductivity probe were quite far in comparison to the other method. However, the conductivity method had an RSD% of 0.1021. This indicated that the results while somewhat inaccurate, were very precise. This inaccuracy may have been caused due to systematic errors in our instrument. The conductivity probe might have been calibrated incorrectly, or in the wrong solution. If the calibration was just slightly off, it is possible that this difference might have contributed to the inaccurate salinity results. The solutions measured on the probe might have gotten contaminated without prior knowledge, or it might have simply been a human error in calculations. The result with the highest relative standard deviation was the salinity of seawater by refractive index with 7.083 %. This indicates that there was a lot of variation in salinity for each trial. The salinity ranges from 33.34 to 38.37 ppt. The mean salinity of seawater by refractive index was 36.14 ppt  ± 2.560, which is close to the average seawater salinity of 35. These slightly imprecise results may be due to random and systematic errors. The use of the eyepiece when trying to go to the halfway point might change due to different perception between people. Likewise, reading the refractometer varies between each individual and might change with angle due to parallax. This can really change the data measured and can result in imprecise data. There can also be human errors done during the conversion between refractive index and salinity. The BOD bottle method has a salinity of 33.37 ppt  ± 0.08737 with an RSD% of 0.2618. The very low relative standard deviation indicates that there isn’t much spread within the data. When compared to the average seawater salinity of 35 ppt, it falls a little bit short. This was because there are a lot of possible errors for this method due to the long process of balancing and rebalancing. Possible systematic errors might have occurred on the analytical balances, such as calibration. Random errors, such as the fluctuation of weight in our seawater sample might also have impacted the accuracy. This method was also very time consuming, so it was not the most efficient way of determining the salinity. But, based on the results, it was the most dependable with good accuracy and great precision. The most accurate method when compared to the average value of seawater salinity is the density meter. The density meter has a salinity of 34.75  ± 1.403, with an RSD% of 4.038. The RSD% of 4.038 indicated that there was some variation in the data. However, when compared to the average seawater salinity, this was the closest by far. This method was the most efficient overall because it allowed the opportunity to obtain the density, and salinity value the quickest. However, it’s not perfect because the instrument can calibrated or used incorrectly. While the most precise method goes to the BOD method, the most accurate would go to the density meter. The density meter is also quick and efficient, which make it an excellent tool to calculate the value for salinity. In comparison, the BOD method took far too long and was not nearly as efficient as the density meter method. If there was one thing that should be changed in a repeat of this experiment, it would be giving an extended time for the density meter method. There was not enough time in the assigned lab period, so data from a peer was borrowed and used. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Sam and George for helping us with calculations. I would also like to thank fellow peer, Jessica Oregon for the data set on seawater density by meter. References: Anderson, George, and Michael Tauber.Unesco Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and George Anderson.Salinity vs Refractive Index and Salinity vs Specific Gravity Curves. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy. 3.5 Density and Salinity lecture.Ted.ucsd.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015. Tauber, Michael, and Robert Pomeroy.Milero Density Spreadsheet. University of California, San Diego: Ted.ucsd.edu, n.d. Xlsx. The Ocean and Temperature.The Ocean and Temperature. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2015.